Is advertising the greatest means to advise and help us in our everyday decision-making or is it just an excessively suited form of mass deception used by associates to persuade their prospects and customers to buy products and services they do not need? Consumers in the global hamlet are exposed to expanding amount of advertisement messages and spending for advertisements is expanding accordingly.
It will not be exaggerated if we conclude that we are 'soaked in this cultural rain of marketing communications' straight through Tv, press, cinema, Internet, etc. (Hackley and Kitchen, 1999). But if thirty years ago the marketing communication tools were used in general as a product-centered tactical means, now the promotional mix, and in single the advertising is focused on signs and semiotics. Some argue that the marketers' efforts ultimately are "turning the cheaper into symbol so that it means something to the consumer" (Williamson, cited in Anonymous, Marketing Communications, 2006: 569). One principal consequence is that many of the modern advertisements "are selling us ourselves" (ibid.)
The abovementioned process is influenced by the commoditisation of products and confusion of consumer's own perceptions of the companies' offering. In order to differentiate and position their products and/or services today's businesses employ advertising which is sometimes carefully not only of bad taste, but also as deliberately intrusive and manipulative. The issue of bad advertising is topical to such extent that organisations like Adbusters have embraced the tactics of subvertising - revealing the real intend behind the modern advertising. The Adbusters magazine editor-in-chief Kalle Lason commented on the corporate image construction communication activities of the big companies: "We know that oil associates aren't de facto cordial to nature, and tobacco associates don't de facto care about ethics" (Arnold, 2001). On the other hand, the "ethics and public accountability are prominent determinants of such long-term gains as survival, long-term profitability, and competitiveness of the organization" (Singhapakdi, 1999). Without communications strategy that revolves around ethics and public accountability the concepts of total quality and customer relationships construction become elusive. However, there could be no easy clear-cut ethics method of marketing communications.
Advertising - Prescious facts Or Vicious Manipulation?
In order to get insights into the buyer perception about the role of advertising we have reviewed a amount of articles and conducted four in-depth interviews. A amount of study papers reach opposed conclusions. These vary from the ones stating that "the ethicality of a firm's behavior is an prominent consideration during the buy decision" and that consumers "will bonus ethical behavior by a willingness to pay higher prices for that firm's product" (Creyer and Ross Jr., 1997) to others stressing that "although consumers may express a desire to keep ethical companies, and punish unethical companies, their actual buy behaviour often remains unaffected by ethical concerns" and that "price, quality and value outweigh ethical criteria in buyer buy behaviour" (Carrigan and Attalla, 2001). Focusing on the advertising as the most prominent marketing communication tool we have constructed and conducted an interview consisting of four themes and nine questions. The conceptual frame of this paper is built on these four themes.
Theme I. The Ethics in Advertising
The first theme comprises two first questions about the ethics in advertising in general.
I.A. How would you define the ethics in advertising?
The term ethics in enterprise involves "morality, organisational ethics and expert deontology" (Isaac, cited in Bergadaa', 2007). Every manufactures has its own guidelines for the ethical requirements. However, the principal four requirements for marketing communications are to be legal, decent, honest and truthful. Unfortunately, in a community where the procedure of activity of the associates is carefully by behalf targets the use of marketing communications messages "may constitute a form of public pollution straight through the potentially damaging and unintended effects it may have on buyer decision making" (Hackley and Kitchen, 1999).
One of the interviewed respondents stated that "the most flourishing associates do no need ethics in their activities because they have built empires." other view is that "sooner or later whoever is not ethical will face the negative consequences."
I.B. What is your perception of the point of ethics in advertising?
The second ask is about the point of being moral when communicating with/to your target audiences and the way consumers/customers view it. In separate study papers we have found quite opposing conclusions. Ethics of enterprise seems to be evaluated either as very prominent in the decision production process or as not de facto a serious factor in this process. An example of rather greatest stance is that "disaster awaits any brand that acts cynically" (Odell, 2007).
It may seem sure that the accountability should be carried by the advertiser because "his is the key accountability in retention advertising clean and decent" (Bernstein, 1951). On the other hand the companies' actions are defined by the "the canons of public accountability and good taste" (ibid.). One of the interviewees said:
"The only responsible for giving decent advertising is the one who profits at the end. Company's profits should not be at the cost of society."
Another one stated that "our culture and the level of societal awareness decide the good and bad in advertising".
The increased point of marketing communications ethics is underscored by the need of applying more dialogical, two-way communications approaches. The "demassification technologies have the potential to facilitate dialogue", but the "monologic" attitude is still the famed one (Botan, 1997). Arnold (2001) points out the cases of Monsanto and Esso which had to pay "a price for its [theirs] one-way communications strategy". In this train of concept we may divulge ethics in advertisements from two separate perspectives as recommend by our respondents and separate points of view in the reviewed papers. The first one is that it is imperative to have one coarse code of ethics imposed by the law. The other affirms the independence and accountability of every manufactures for setting its own standards.
Theme Ii. Which type of regulation should be the prominent one in the field of advertising?
The next theme directs the attention towards the regulation principles which should be the former one. Widely acceptable concept is that both self regulation and legal controls should work in synergy. In other words the codes of practice are meant to complement the laws. However, in sure countries there are stronger legal controls over the advertising, e.g. In Scandinavia. On the other hand the industry's self regulation is preferred in the Anglo-Saxon world. Still, not everyone agrees with the laissez-faire concept.
One of our respondents said:
"I believe governments should enforce stricter legal frame and harsher punishment for associates which do not comply with the law."
Needless to say, the public acceptability varies from one culture/country to another. At the end of the day "good taste or bad is largely a matter of the time, the place, and the individual" (Bernstein, 1951). It would be also probably impossible to set clear-cut detailed rules in the era of Internet and interactive Tv. Therefore, both types of regulation should be applied with the greatest aim of reaching balance between the sacred right of leisure of choice and facts and minimizing potential allembracing offence. Put differently, the goal is synchronising the "different ethical frameworks" of marketers and "others in society" in order to fill the "ethics gap" (Hunt and Vitell, 2006).
Theme Iii. Content of Advertisements.
Probably the most controversial issue in the field of marketing communications is the Content of advertisements. Nwachukwu et al. (1997) distinguish three areas of interest in terms of ethical judgment of ads: "individual autonomy, buyer sovereignty, and the nature of the product". The individual autonomy is concerned with advertising to children. buyer sovereignty deals with the level of knowledge and sophistication of the target audience whereas the ads for harmful products are in the centre of public concept for a long time. We have added two more perspectives to arrive at five questions in the conducted interviews. The first one concerns the advertisement that imply sense of guilt and praise affluence that in the most cases cannot be achieved and the second one is about advertisements stimulating desire and satisfaction straight through acquisition of material goods.
Iii.A. What is your attitude towards the advertisement of harmful products?
A typical example is the advertisement of cigarettes. Nowadays we cannot see slogans like "Camel Agrees with Your Throat" (Chickenhead, accessed 25th September 2007) or "Chesterfield - Packs More satisfaction - Because It's More Perfectly Packed!" (Chickenhead, accessed 25th September 2007). The general advertisement, sponsorship and other marketing communications means are already prohibited to be used by cigarette producers. Surprisingly, most of the answers of the respondents were not against the cigarettes advertisement. One of the respondents said:
"People are well informed about the consequences of smoking so it is a matter of personal choice."
As with many other modern products the shift in communications messages for cigarettes is oriented towards symbol and image building. The same can be said for the alcohol ads. A familiar example of emotional advertising is the Absolut Vodka campaign. From Absolut Nectar, straight through Absolut Fantasy to Absolut World the Swedish drink de facto aims to be Absolut... Everything.
Advertising of dangerous products is even more harshly criticised when it is aimed at audiences with low individual autonomy, i.e. Children. Two main issues in this respect are the manipulation of cigarettes and alcohol as "the rite of passage into adulthood" and the fact that "sales of health-hazardous products (alcohol, cigarettes) make freely without much disapproval" (Bergadaa, 2007).
Iii.B. What is your attitude towards the advertisement to children?
Children are not only customers, but also consumers, influencers and users in the family Decision-Making Unit (Dmu). Supplementary strangeness is that they are too impressionable to be deciders in the Dmu. At the same time it is not a secret that marketers apply "the same basic strategy of trying to sell the parent straight through the child's insistence on the purchase" (Bernstein, 1951). It is not a surprise then that "spending on advertising for children has increased five-fold in the last ten years and two thirds of commercials during child television programs are for food products" (Bergadaa 2007). In the Us alone children represent a direct purchases shop of billion worth (McNeal cited in Bergadaa, 2007) which de facto is on the top of the agendas of many companies. While exploiting children's decision-making immaturity advertisers often go too far in dematerialising their products and "teleporting children out of the tangible and into the virtual world of brand names" (Bergadaa 2007). Youthful virtual worlds like Habbo where snack food brands run advertising campaigns are already a fact of life (Goldie, 2007). The imaginative worlds are beloved not only online. Hugely flourishing for creating a fantasy world is Mc Donald's. The enterprise tops the European list of kids' advertisers while more than half of the children's adverts are for junk food.
In some countries there are harsher restrictions to the children advertising.
• "Sweden and Norway do not permit any television advertising to be directed towards children under 12 and no adverts at all are allowed during children's programmes.
• Australia does not allow advertisements during programmes for pre-school children.
• Austria does not permit advertising during children's programmes, and in the Flemish region of Belgium no advertising is permitted 5 minutes before or after programmes for children.
• Sponsorship of children's programmes is not permitted in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden while in Germany and the Netherlands, although it is allowed, it is not used in practice." (McSpotlight, accessed 20th September 2007).
According to a study by Roberts and Pettigrew (2007) the most frequent themes in children advertising are "grazing, the denigration of core foods, exaggerated health claims, and the implied quality of sure foods to improve popularity, performance and mood." But the junk food is not the only reckon for parents' preoccupation. Agreeing to a study of Kaiser family Foundation (Dolliver, 2007) parents are concerned about the amount of advertising of the following products (in order of importance): toys, video games, clothing, alcohol/beer, movies, etc.
The interviewed respondents were unanimous: "The advertising to children should be strictly monitored." Similar results were obtained in surveys by Rasmussen Reports and Kaiser family Foundation. Nevertheless, the legal means are just one part of the children's protection. The other part involves "the decision-making accountability of parents and teachers" which is "to assist their children in developing a skeptical attitude to the facts in advertising" (Bergadaa 2007). The marketers themselves should also be involved in shaping the moral principles of our hereafter and "each brand should have its own deontology - a code of practice with regard to children - rather than rely on manufactures codes" (Horgan, 2007).
Iii.C. Do you think there are many misleading, exaggerating and confusing advertisements. Are many ads promising things that are not potential to achieve?
It will not be exaggerated to state that advertising is in a sense "salesmanship addressed to masses of potential buyers rather than to one buyer at a time" (Bernstein, 1951). Since "salesmanship itself is persuasion" (ibid.) we cannot merely blame advertisers for pursuing their sales goals. However, in the last twenty years or so advertisers have increasingly applied semiotics in their messages and as a consequence ads have begun to function more and more as symbols. One greatest case in this stream of advertising is the creation of idealised image of a man who uses the advertised product. Bishop (2000) draws our attention to two "typical representatives of self-identity image ads" which entice consumers to project the respective images to themselves straight through use of the products:
- "The beautiful Woman";
- "The Sexy Teenagers.
Through setting of such stereotypes advertisers not only mislead the public and exaggerate the effects of products but also provoke low self-esteem in consumers. At the same time they promise results that in most cases are plainly impossible to achieve. Instead of promoting "'glamorous' anorexic body images" communication messages should use "varied body types" and should drop the idea of the "impossible corporeal body images" (Bishop, 2000).
To ask Iii.C one of the respondents commented:
"The customers of these products [the ones advertised straight through thin models] are mostly people who do not have the same corporeal characteristic. For me, this type of advertising is deliberately aimed at people to make them feel not complete, far from spellbinding public outsiders."
However, other interviewed stated that: "every man has his own way of evaluating what is believable and what is misleading. Consumers are sufficient sophisticated to know what is exaggerated."
Similarly, Bishop (2000) concludes that "image ads are not false or misleading", and "whether or not they advocate false values is a matter for subjective reflection." The author argues that image ads do not interfere with our internal autonomy and if people are misled, it is because they want it. It is all about our free choice of behaviour and no advertisement can modify our desires. Perhaps, the truth lies somewhere in-between the two greatest positions.
Iii.D. What is your attitude towards advertisement that imply sense of guilt, and praise affluence that in the most cases cannot be achieved?
A more definite case of controversial advertising is the one used to "promote not so much self indulgence as self doubt"; the one that "seeks to generate needs, not to fulfill them: to generate new anxieties instead of allaying old ones" (Hackley and Kitchen, 1999). A response of our interviewee reads:
"It is not only a matter of advertising. It has to do with the public inequality and the desire to possess what you can not."
Hackley and Kitchen (1999) refer to this unlikeness as to "when reality does not match the image of affluence and the ensue is a subjective feeling of dissonance". The issue could be elaborated Supplementary straight through the next question.
Iii.E. Are advertisements stimulating desire and satisfaction straight through acquisition of material goods moral?
We live in a community which is more or less marked by materialism. Advertisements are often blamed to fuel consumption which is assertedly prominent to happiness. The role of promoting satisfaction straight through acquisition of material goods has become so prominent that currently the "media products are characterised by relativism, irony, self referentiality and hedonism" (Hackley and Kitchen, 1999). Is the beloved saying "those who die with most toys win" de facto a motivator in consumers' behavior and could consumption be the cure of emotional dissonance? This seems to be the case provided a brand succeeds to enter in the evoked set of buyer choices. This new "kind of materialism" goes hand in hand with "the emergence of individualism via sheer hedonism along with narcissism and selfishness" (Bergadaa 2007).
Theme Iv. Is the quantity of advertisements justified?
Iv.A. Do you think there is too much advertising?
An audit of food advertising aimed at children in Australia by Roberts and Pettigrew (2007) revealed that "28.5 hours of children's television programming sampled contained 950 advertisements." Actually, we all are being bombarded by ads on Tv, Internet, print media, etc. The amount and Content of marketing communications messages puts the consumer's facts processing capacity to a test. The exposure to marketing data overload often leads to diluted consumer's selective perception. either our responses are circumscribed by "confusion, existential despair, and loss of moral identity" or we "adapt constructively to the [communications] Leviathan and become intelligent, cynical, streetwise" (Hackley and Kitchen, 1999) is a ask open to debate.
Two opposite streams of attitudes were produced in our research. One stance is concerned with the undue quantity of advertisement. The other stream proclaims that "If there is an advertisement, so it is justified by a need." We agree that the communications overload may de facto have "pervasive ensue on the public ecology of the developed world" (Hackley and Kitchen, 1999). If the expanding communication pollution is not managed properly by both legal and manufactures points of view yet again the advertising will carry on "to hoist its foot to its own mouth and kick out a concentrate of its own front teeth" (Bernstein, 1951).
Conclusion
In preparing of this paper we have used qualitative depth interviews in order to get insights for what actual customers opine. We have also substantiated our presentation with references to a amount of influential articles in the field of ethics in marketing communications. Generally, our respondents as well as various authors have taken two opposing stances. The first one affirms that ethics in marketing communications matters considerably, whereas the other one downsizes the point of ethics, thereby stressing the role of other factors in buyer decision-making, i.e. Price, brand loyalty, convenience, etc.
Marketers should understand their "responsibility for the emerging portrait of hereafter society" (Bergadaa 2007). Not only there is a need of legal ethical frame but also expert ethical benchmarks and deontology should be in place. One of the main challenges is to avoid creating "a happy customer in the short term", because "in the long run both buyer and community may suffer as a direct ensue of the marketer's actions in 'satisfying' the consumer" (Carrigan and Attalla, 2001).
The drive of the advertisement influence exerted on consumers is only one part of the equation. On the other hand we may affirm that consumers are not morally subservient and Agreeing to the facts process models there is a natural cognitive defense. The communications tools "offer us a theatre of our own imagination" (Hackley and Kitchen, 1999). Consequently, we accept the reality in terms of our own experiences. In this sense marketers do not generate reality - they are plainly a mirror of the society. We may argue that unfortunately this is not always the case.
Advertising is often deservedly seen as the embodiment of buyer leisure and choice. Notwithstanding this prominent role, when the choice is "between one candy bar and another, the newest savoury snack or sweetened breakfast cereal or fast food restaurant" (McSpotlight, accessed 20th September 2007) it represents whatever else but not an alternative and de facto not a healthy one.
The words of Bernstein (1951), said fifty-six years ago are still very much a ask of gift interest: "It is not true that if we 'save advertising, we save all,' but it seems inexpensive to assume that if we do not save advertising, we might lose all."
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